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An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the abdominal aorta as a result of weakening of the artery wall. Most people with an aneurysm don't have any symptoms, so early detection is difficult. If left untreated, an aneurysm can grow larger and larger until it bursts, causing serious internal bleeding.

Abdominal Aneurysm
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the abdominal aorta as a result of weakening of the artery wall. Most people with an aneurysm don't have any symptoms, so early detection is difficult. If...

The Achilles tendon is located where the calf muscle, or gastrocnemius, attaches to the heel bone, or calcaneus. It can tear or rupture during sudden activity, like jumping or sprinting, or during violent tendon stretches. Surgery and casting, or casting alone, may be required to repair a torn Achilles tendon.

Achilles Tendon Tear
The Achilles tendon is located where the calf muscle, or gastrocnemius, attaches to the heel bone, or calcaneus. It can tear or rupture during sudden activity, like jumping or sprinting, or during ...

Sebaceous glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum, which normally travels up the pore to lubricate the hair and skin. Acne develops when a pore becomes clogged with excess sebum and dead skin cells. People of any age can experience acne and most people have acne at some time in their lives.

Acne
Sebaceous glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum, which normally travels up the pore to lubricate the hair and skin. Acne develops when a pore becomes clogged with excess sebum a...

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the stem cells in the bone marrow that produce lymphocytes. The term

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the stem cells in the bone marrow that produce lymphocytes. The term "acute" means the cancer cells multiply rapidly, crowding out the normal cells ...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common neurobehavioral problem that affects children as well as some adults. Some research suggests that the cause of ADHD is a genetic deficiency of certain neurotransmitters. The symptoms of the disorder include impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and an inability to maintain attention.

ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common neurobehavioral problem that affects children as well as some adults. Some research suggests that the cause of ADHD is a genetic defic...

The adrenal glands produce a hormone called cortisol which can help manage the effects of infection, trauma, and emotional stress. Corticosteroids are synthetically-produced hormones that are very similar to cortisol. These drugs can be inhaled, given orally, topically, or by intravenous or intramuscular injection to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain respiratory disorders.

Adrenal Corticosteroids
The adrenal glands produce a hormone called cortisol which can help manage the effects of infection, trauma, and emotional stress. Corticosteroids are synthetically-produced hormones that are very ...

AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attaches to the surface of white blood cells called T cells and is able to reproduce and continue production of the virus. As more and more of the body's healthy T cells become infected with HIV, the body's immune system becomes compromised and unable to fight new infections.

AIDS
AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attaches to the surface of white blood cells called T cells a...

For persistent or bothersome allergies, treatment can include desensitization with allergen vaccines, commonly known as immunotherapy or allergy shots. Allergen vaccines consist of a small amount of the substance that causes the allergy. The patient receives injections of the allergen vaccine at regular intervals. The amount of allergen is gradually increased until a dose is reached that is effective in reducing symptoms.

Allergen Vaccines
For persistent or bothersome allergies, treatment can include desensitization with allergen vaccines, commonly known as immunotherapy or allergy shots. Allergen vaccines consist of a small amount o...

Allergic rhinitis (commonly called hay fever) is an inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the nose. Allergic rhinitis happens when an allergen, such as pollen, causes your body to defend itself by producing antibodies. The best treatment is to avoid the allergen.

Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis (commonly called hay fever) is an inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the nose. Allergic rhinitis happens when an allergen, such as pollen, causes your bo...

An allergy occurs when the body reacts to substances it can't tolerate. The substances, like tree pollen or dust mites, are called environmental antigens, or allergens, and are normally harmless. But the immune system of a person with allergies views the allergens as harmful.

Allergies
An allergy occurs when the body reacts to substances it can't tolerate. The substances, like tree pollen or dust mites, are called environmental antigens, or allergens, and are normally harmless. B...

With Alzheimer's disease, instead of an orderly, organized arrangement of nerve cells in the brain, nerve cells become entangled, full of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques and tangles interfere with the normal activity between neurons in the area of the brain responsible for intellectual thought. The disease is slowly progressive from onset. Memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and poor judgment are a few of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Disease
With Alzheimer's disease, instead of an orderly, organized arrangement of nerve cells in the brain, nerve cells become entangled, full of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques and...

The shoulder, one of the most flexible joints in the body, comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that connect the arm to the torso. The three bones that make up the shoulder joint include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (long bone of the arm). The shoulder has two joints that work together to allow arm movement: the acromioclavicular (AC) joint and the glenohumeral joint.

Anatomy of the Shoulder
The shoulder, one of the most flexible joints in the body, comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that connect the arm to the torso. The three bones that make up the shoulder joint includ...

The spine is a column of bones that forms the axial skeleton; this framework provides strong, yet flexible support for the trunk of the body as well as protection for the delicate spinal cord housed within it. The spine consists of 33 vertebrae stacked vertically upon each other. The vertebrae are separated by an intervertebral disc between each vertebra, which functions as a shock absorber.

Anatomy of the Spine
The spine is a column of bones that forms the axial skeleton; this framework provides strong, yet flexible support for the trunk of the body as well as protection for the delicate spinal cord house...

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a generalised chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterised by pain or stiffness of the back, often with involvement of the hips and shoulders. AS can decrease the spine's flexibility, and can eventually lead to total loss of mobility.

Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a generalised chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterised by pain or stiffness of the back, often with involve...

Occasionally a baby may become

Assisted Delivery
Occasionally a baby may become "stuck" in the birth canal during the process of delivery. This may occur if the baby does not attain the proper position, if labor ceases unexpectedly, or if the bab...

Asthma, or reactive airway disease, is a chronic disorder that results in restricted breathing due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main air passages in the lungs. Asthma patients need to work together with their doctors to develop a medication action plan to control symptoms and minimize attacks.

Asthma
Asthma, or reactive airway disease, is a chronic disorder that results in restricted breathing due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main air passages in the lungs. Asthma patients need t...

Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat, that is caused by erratic electrical signals originating from the atria. During this rhythm disturbance, the normal, coordinated contractions between the atria and ventricles become compromised, interfering with the hearts ability to efficiently deliver blood to the body. Atrial fibrillation can cause fainting, weakness, and may lead to blood clots and other complications.

Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat, that is caused by erratic electrical signals originating from the atria. During this rhythm disturbance, the normal, coordinated ...

Normally, the prostate gland grows as a man matures. The enlargement is referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, and doesn't usually cause any problems until late in life. A common symptom of BPH is a noticeable change in urination resulting from obstruction of the urethra and the loss of bladder function. Left untreated, BPH can lead to urinary tract infections, bladder or kidney damage, bladder stones or incontinence.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Normally, the prostate gland grows as a man matures. The enlargement is referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, and doesn't usually cause any problems until late in life. A common symp...

A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. A diagnosis is made when cells are examined through a microscope. There are several ways biopsy samples can be obtained including needle biopsy, aspiration biopsy, incisional biopsy and excisional biopsy.

Biopsy I
A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. A diagnosis is made when cells are examined through a microscope. There are several ways biopsy samples...

The bladder is the hollow-shaped organ that expands and contracts to collect and eliminate urine. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include: blood in the urine, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so and pain during urination. Treatment options for bladder cancer can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and biologic therapy.

Bladder Cancer
The bladder is the hollow-shaped organ that expands and contracts to collect and eliminate urine. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include: blood in the urine, frequent urination, or feeling the need...

As blood travels from the heart, it exerts pressure against the walls of the arteries. This is referred to as blood pressure. Blood pressure is used to evaluate the force and amount of blood being pumped from the heart as well as the flexibility and condition of the arteries. Abnormally high pressure within the arteries is called hypertension, or high blood pressure.

Blood Pressure
As blood travels from the heart, it exerts pressure against the walls of the arteries. This is referred to as blood pressure. Blood pressure is used to evaluate the force and amount of blood being ...

Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth of tissue) of the mammary gland. Mammary glands are the glands located in the breast which produce and secrete breastmilk in the process of lactation. Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer fatality in women. Early detection through regular breast self-examination and mammography is key.

Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth of tissue) of the mammary gland. Mammary glands are the glands located in the breast which produce and secrete breastmilk in the process of la...

Following a mastectomy, or the surgical removal of breast tissue, many women choose to have breast reconstructive surgery for both emotional and physical reasons. There are several potential complications associated with this procedure that should be discussed with a doctor prior to surgery.

Breast Reconstruction
Following a mastectomy, or the surgical removal of breast tissue, many women choose to have breast reconstructive surgery for both emotional and physical reasons. There are several potential compli...

A CAT scan is used to detect both bone and soft tissue damage by utilizing x-ray technology. While x-rays are limited to two dimensional renderings, CAT scans are able to generate 3D views by rotating a conventional x-ray beam in a spiral around the patient's body. This series of rotations around the body creates image slices. A computer gathers, compiles and translates these images into a three hundred and sixty degree view of a targeted area or even the entire body.

CAT Scans
A CAT scan is used to detect both bone and soft tissue damage by utilizing x-ray technology. While x-rays are limited to two dimensional renderings, CAT scans are able to generate 3D views by rotat...

Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses strong medicines to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered in several ways: as a pill, an injection, or given intravenously through a central line. Once the drugs enter the body, they destroy cancer cells by preventing them from growing or multiplying during mitosis.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses strong medicines to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered in several ways: as a pill, an injection, or given intravenously ...

The lining of the colon is a prime location for the development and growth of small polyps or tumours. Colon cancer can occur in men or women and is most often found in people over the age of 50. Symptoms may include persistent constipation or diarrhea, blood in the stool, and unexplained fatigue or weight loss.

Colon Cancer
The lining of the colon is a prime location for the development and growth of small polyps or tumours. Colon cancer can occur in men or women and is most often found in people over the age of 50. S...

Over time repeated daily stresses and minor injuries could add up and begin to affect the discs in your spine, eventually leading to degeneration and discogenic low back pain. This condition can be relieved with a surgical procedure called artificial disc replacement in which the damaged disc is replaced with a prosthetic metal and polyethylene disc.

Degenerative Disc Replacement
Over time repeated daily stresses and minor injuries could add up and begin to affect the discs in your spine, eventually leading to degeneration and discogenic low back pain. This condition can be...

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the body's ability to efficiently utilize blood glucose. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, so glucose cannot be absorbed to refuel the cells. In type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced, but it does not work properly and the glucose is not absorbed consistently by the cells. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, diabetes can be managed with diet or with medication.

Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the body's ability to efficiently utilize blood glucose. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, so glucose cannot be absorbed...

A person with diabetes can develop damage to the blood vessels that provide nourishment to the retina of the eye, leading to diabetic retinopathy. They may experience blurred vision, blank areas, or glare when in bright light. As the disease develops, cloudy vision, blind spots, and floaters may occur. Floaters are small spots that float across the field of vision. Left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness.

Diabetic Retinopathy
A person with diabetes can develop damage to the blood vessels that provide nourishment to the retina of the eye, leading to diabetic retinopathy. They may experience blurred vision, blank areas, o...

Digestion is the process by which the gastrointestinal system retrieves important nutrients for the body and chemically changes the unused food into waste. Mastication, or the chewing of food in the mouth, is the first step of digestion. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are chemically broken down into their basic building blocks in the stomach and absorbed in the small intestine. The large intestine plays a key role in reabsorbing excess water. Finally, undigested material and secreted waste products are excreted from the body via defecation (passing of faeces).

Digestion
Digestion is the process by which the gastrointestinal system retrieves important nutrients for the body and chemically changes the unused food into waste. Mastication, or the chewing of food in th...

Sometimes the cells of the inner layer of the stomach begin to grow rapidly without order. When this occurs, gastric cancer can develop and spread to the other layers of the stomach and to nearby lymph nodes. In the early stages of gastric cancer, symptoms can include indigestion, stomach pain, heartburn, and loss of appetite. As the cancer progresses, symptoms progress to blood in the stool, vomiting, weight loss, and the collection of fluid in the abdomen, called ascites.

Gastric Cancer
Sometimes the cells of the inner layer of the stomach begin to grow rapidly without order. When this occurs, gastric cancer can develop and spread to the other layers of the stomach and to nearby l...

Glaucoma, which is a common cause of blindness, is a disease that affects the drainage of fluid within the anterior chamber of the eye. The accumulation of fluid within the eye creates pressure that pushes on the back of the eye and damages the optic nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting the images to the brain. Over time, the increased pressure can result in blind spots and even total blindness.

Glaucoma
Glaucoma, which is a common cause of blindness, is a disease that affects the drainage of fluid within the anterior chamber of the eye. The accumulation of fluid within the eye creates pressure tha...

If there is too much pressure in the stomach, or if the lower oesophageal sphincter muscle is not functioning properly, then contents of the stomach can splash back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, or GORD. These symptoms may include heartburn, chest pain, coughing or choking while lying down, or increased asthma symptoms while sleeping.

GORD
If there is too much pressure in the stomach, or if the lower oesophageal sphincter muscle is not functioning properly, then contents of the stomach can splash back into the oesophagus, causing sym...

When you breathe, air travels through your nose, down the trachea, into smaller airways called bronchi, then into smaller passages called bronchioles and finally into small, thin, fragile sacs called alveoli. During inspiration, the alveoli in the lungs are filled with air. It is here that oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. During expiration, the carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

How Lungs Function
When you breathe, air travels through your nose, down the trachea, into smaller airways called bronchi, then into smaller passages called bronchioles and finally into small, thin, fragile sacs call...

The heart is a beating muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. The body requires oxygen to carry on the process of life. A network of arteries and veins transport oxygen-rich blood to the body and return oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The heart pumps approximately 10 pints of blood every minute, and each heartbeat circulates blood to both the lungs and the body.

How the Heart Works
The heart is a beating muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. The body requires oxygen to carry on the process of life. A network of arteries and veins transport oxygen-rich blood to the body...

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, resulting in the inability to become pregnant (sterility). A hysterectomy may be an appropriate treatment for women who have cancer of the uterus, cervix, or ovaries, or who have uncontrolled vaginal bleeding, uterine fibroids, or endometriosis.

Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, resulting in the inability to become pregnant (sterility). A hysterectomy may be an appropriate treatment for women who have cancer of the uter...

Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection of the penis. Certain diseases, including diabetes and muscular dystrophy can cause impotence. Psychological factors can also lead to impotence. And, impotence can be a side effect of some common medications.

Impotence
Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection of the penis. Certain diseases, including diabetes and muscular dystrophy can cause impotence. Psychological factors can also lead to i...

The kidneys can become damaged and unable to function normally due to kidney disease, infections, uncontrollable high blood pressure or because of complications from diabetes mellitus. If kidney failure develops, a kidney transplant may be recommended to replace the damaged kidney with a healthy, donated kidney.

Kidney Transplant
The kidneys can become damaged and unable to function normally due to kidney disease, infections, uncontrollable high blood pressure or because of complications from diabetes mellitus. If kidney fa...

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women. There are many types of lung cancer, but the most common is bronchogenic carcinoma, which begins as a tumour in the lining of the bronchi. Lung cancer can also be present in the trachea, the bronchioles, or the alveoli. Cigarette smoking poses the greatest risk for developing lung cancer.

Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women. There are many types of lung cancer, but the most common is bronchogenic carcinoma, which begins as a tumour in the lining of ...

Macular degeneration, commonly referred to as ARMD or age-related macular degeneration, is the leading cause of blindness. When the macula deteriorates, a breakdown of the delicate macular tissue occurs and objects may become blurred, distorted, and lose their color. It is also possible to see a dark or empty area in the center of the visual field.

Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration, commonly referred to as ARMD or age-related macular degeneration, is the leading cause of blindness. When the macula deteriorates, a breakdown of the delicate macular tissue o...

Menopause, commonly known as the

Menopause
Menopause, commonly known as the "change of life", is a natural event in a woman's aging process. It signals the end of a woman's menstrual cycle and her ability to conceive. Symptoms of menopause ...

Impotence, or the inability to attain or maintain an erection, can be caused by a disruption at any stage in the erection process. Several types of penile implants are available that create an artificial erection. Two common types of implants are the semi-rigid malleable rod and the inflatable implant.

Penile Implants
Impotence, or the inability to attain or maintain an erection, can be caused by a disruption at any stage in the erection process. Several types of penile implants are available that create an arti...

Prostate cancer develops as small nodules or bumps on the surface of the prostate, which can be detected during rectal examination. Men over the age of 40 should have routine prostate cancer screening as part of their regular health check up; this includes digital rectal examination and serum PSA testing. There are many methods to treat prostate cancer. In most cases, the prostate does not need to be removed if the cancer is detected early.

Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer develops as small nodules or bumps on the surface of the prostate, which can be detected during rectal examination. Men over the age of 40 should have routine prostate cancer screen...

All types of radiation can cause damage to the body and lead to a condition known as radiation sickness. Exposure to high levels of radiation may lead to cell death, and consequently tissue or organ failure. Initial symptoms are nausea, diarrhoea, and weakness, sometimes followed by hair loss.

Radiation Sickness
All types of radiation can cause damage to the body and lead to a condition known as radiation sickness. Exposure to high levels of radiation may lead to cell death, and consequently tissue or orga...

Skin cancer occurs when there is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in a layer of the skin. There are three common forms of skin cancer that are distinguished by the types of cells affected: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Increased sun exposure and a history of sunburn increases the risk of developing skin cancer.

Skin Cancer
Skin cancer occurs when there is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in a layer of the skin. There are three common forms of skin cancer that are distinguished by the types of cells affected...

Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, with nicotine being the primary component. It is considered an addictive drug, making cigarette smoking the most prevalent form of nicotine addiction. When an adequate level of nicotine is not maintained, a smoker experiences symptoms of nicotine withdrawal including decreased heart rate, difficulty concentrating, nervousness, headaches, increased appetite and weight gain, insomnia, irritability, and depression. While these symptoms diminish over time, the adverse effects of nicotine withdrawal make it difficult for many people to quit smoking.

Smoking Cessation
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 different chemicals, with nicotine being the primary component. It is considered an addictive drug, making cigarette smoking the most prevalent form of nico...

A stroke occurs when there is a lack of blood to a portion of the brain, resulting in tissue death and loss of brain function. Depending on which area of the brain is affected, a stroke can cause speech impairments, paralysis, unconsciousness, or even death.

Stroke
A stroke occurs when there is a lack of blood to a portion of the brain, resulting in tissue death and loss of brain function. Depending on which area of the brain is affected, a stroke can cause s...

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck that controls many of the body's functions through chemical substances called hormones. Thyroid disease is a very common endocrine disorder, especially in women. Hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, is a disease in which the thyroid produces less hormones than needed for normal body function. Hyperthyroidism, or thyrotoxicosis, is a disease in which the thyroid produces too many hormones.

Thyroid Disease
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck that controls many of the body's functions through chemical substances called hormones. Thyroid disease is a very common end...

Bacteria can enter the urinary system through the urethra causing cystitis, or a urinary tract infection (UTI). Symptoms of a UTI include a burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination consisting of small amounts of urine and the presence of blood in the urine. UTIs are very common, particularly in females because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus.

Urinary Tract Infection
Bacteria can enter the urinary system through the urethra causing cystitis, or a urinary tract infection (UTI). Symptoms of a UTI include a burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination cons...

A yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, characterized by itching, burning, or redness of the vaginal area. It occurs when conditions within the vagina change that disturb the natural balance of a bacteria called lactobacilli which coexists with a yeast fungus called Candida albicans to maintain an acidic environment.

Yeast Infection
A yeast infection is a common fungal infection of the vagina, characterized by itching, burning, or redness of the vaginal area. It occurs when conditions within the vagina change that disturb the ...


 

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